Central Manchester and Salford is still rapidly transforming, despite Brexit, Covid and gloom about the cost of living and the war torn international situation.

True, there are some dark mutterings in development circles and deep uncertainty over the future. There are always surprises too as exemplified by Bruntwood's massive restructuring in October when Greater Manchester Pension Fund became an equity partner with their existing partner Legal & General. Twenty-nine properties were included in the deal which included a £150m boost for BruntwoodSciTech.

Yet, from the Quays and Old Trafford to Sportcity and the Etihad, from the University of Manchester to the University of Salford, the city is still visibly being extensively worked and reworked with huge plans for commercial and residential schemes with some towers some reaching heights of 215-250m (700-800ft).

2023 10 30 Manchester Old And New From Andy Mallins — **The old and the new in Manchester from Andy Mallins stunning drone images** Image: Andy Mallins

For many people, not intimately involved with Manchester planning, it’s hard to detect a comprehensive and connected plan behind the continued rush to develop. It appears every scheme is judged purely on its own merits with scant regard as to how it might impact on the overall city scene, or even a neighbouring development. Of course reports have to be drawn up before planning permission can be granted but to the interested general citizen these often appear toothless, and if they require changes to schemes, the changes appear minor.

It's always good to get a different view from a different planning world and this was the case when Belgian guests arrived back in 2019 - see our story here. Laurens Brantegem, the Director of Development at Zabra, a Belgian property firm, said: 'The power of the public entities seems much bigger in Belgium. The people who work for the city will decide how high you can build, the volume and the type. The market does not speak for itself, it’s the city which thinks best. It is the city which tells us how we need to proceed.'

Brantegem found this extraordinarily frustrating sometimes but thought it also meant development seemed more coherent. He finished with: "If you took the best of our methods and we took some of your dynamism, we'd have a nice balance."

170707 The Manchester Plan 1945 Mp1B — One of the excellent ideas in the Plan was to create more open space in the city centre in this case via a grand ‘processional way’ from the River Irwell to Manchester Town Hall. Alfred Waterhouse’s Victorian masterpiece has been replaced in this picture with a grim little building which seems odd given the Plan wanted to make the city centre ‘fit for its functions, worthy of its status’. In any case, the Plan argues, with a smaller building there’d be more room for car parking on special occasions at the Town Hall Image: Jonathan Schofield

Manchester’s body politic once took a very different view, they were a bit more Belgian.

The City of Manchester Plan 1945 was perhaps the most ambitious re-imagining of a British city ever conceived. It ran to almost 300 pages in a large, dust-jacketed, fully illustrated hardback book printed by the Manchester Corporation, the present Manchester City Council.

The principal writer was City Surveyor Rowland Nicholas and he wanted to take the end of World War II and turn it into an opportunity for Manchester to wipe the slate clean, ‘to enable every inhabitant of this city to enjoy real health of body and health of mind’. And my-oh-my how he and his team grabbed the chance with both hands, delivering what has become a fascinating monument to counterfactual imagination, a memorial to utopian aspiration.

Rowland and his crew imagined a city centre of wide tree-lined boulevards, of fresh air, of zoned areas for commerce, housing, industry, education and recreation; a city freed from the gloom of the pre-World War II Great Depression, liberated from the filth of nineteenth century industrial grime, a rational city. The idea was to make Manchester a flagship for peacetime Britain, an example to others.

1 Ma7A — **The imagined Manchester of 2045, a century after the 1945 plan, makes for a good game of can you spot the buildings which were allowed to stay.** Image: Jonathan Schofield

Although written before the General Election of 1945 that swept Clement Atlee and the Labour Party to power, it seems to snugly fit the mood of the new administration and the nation. In the years ahead Atlee would pursue the notion of an egalitarian state defined by nationalised industries, the National Health Service, comprehensive education and an orderly retreat from Empire.

There is a whiff of self-hatred about the 1945 Manchester Plan though.

Britain was broken as a superpower and many found it hard to face the country’s past. Manchester was typical of this. The city of the world’s first modern industrial society, scarred by the energy of those years, looked in the mirror and reeled back in horror. Better to wipe all that away, get rid of the old stuff, with its attendant Imperialism. Best to make a fresh start.

To achieve the ambition of the rational modern city, most of the older buildings had to go; the mills, the warehouses, the offices and banks, the housing. Alfred Waterhouse’s Town Hall had to go as well of course (too-fussy, too-paternalistic, too aggressively Victorian), a suggested sacrifice to encourage the wholesale repositioning of the city.

170707 The Manchester Plan 1945 Mp2A — At the other end of the ‘processional way’ would be the law courts an area of 8.8 acres covering much of the present area of Spinningfields, and immediately south of the transport interchange shown on the page opposite. In the picture there are three survivor buildings, Sunlight House, the Masonic Hall and John Rylands Library, the rest would be mainly taken up by various civil and criminal courts and the magistrates courts. This is one part of the Plan that has come to fruition although in a different manner as the present-day Crown Court, Civil Justice Centre and Magistrates Court all occupy this area. Image: Jonathan Schofield

170707 The Manchester Plan 1945 Mp3 — As the Plan says: ‘This drawing shows the spacious and dignified appearance which would result from the clearance of the buildings by which the Cathedral is now hemmed in, and the formation of broad lawns flanked by new buildings designed to harmonise with the interesting form of Chetham’s. The whole picture would be framed by the tall office blocks in the background Image: Jonathan Schofield

John Rylands Library, the Cathedral, Sunlight House, Kendals, Central Library and a few other choice morsels, numbering just twenty, could stay, but for the rest it was bye-bye. After all as the Plan said: ‘Many of our present difficulties are complicated by the fact that in the last century commercial and other buildings were designed to last too long; they have remained structurally sound long after they have been rendered obsolete by changes of function and progress in building technique’. This sounds astonishing now. Is Rowland Nicholas implying that new building techniques were superior because they didn’t result in buildings that truculently refused to fall down.

The introduction to the Plan from Rowland Nicholas delivers a warning.

‘It was the blitz which awakened public interest in planning. But it was not the blitz which made planning necessary. The city we live in is not a great improvement of the Manchester of 50 years ago. Individual buildings have changed but congestion, dirt and ugliness remain. If at every stage a process of reconstruction is made to conform to a master pattern of a kind suggested in this book, the Manchester of fifty years hence will be a city transformed; if not, it will be still as ugly, congested and dirty as it is today.’

200 pages later Rowland Nicholas’s conclusion delivered a rousing call to arms. It almost needs a drum roll.

‘We are entering upon a new age: it is for us to choose whether it will be an age of self-indulgent drift along the pre-war roads towards depopulation, economic decline, cultural apathy and social dissolution, or whether we shall make it a nobler, braver age in which the human race will be the master of its fate.’

1 Ma7E — **A very refined sketch of the proposed junction of Princess Street and Portland Street, with top of the image the Piccadilly Gardens entertainment and amusement centre** Image: Jonathan Schofield

170707 The Manchester Plan 1945 Mp6 — Piccadilly Gardens entertainment and amusement centre. As the Plan makes clear: ‘The new buildings might incorporate a cinema, a theatre, dance halls, a skating rink, a boxing stadium, restaurants, buffets and a variety of other entertainments. They could form a comprehensive scheme in combination with the gardens which might well contain a fountain display, floodlit at nights and trees festooned with coloured lights. Piccadilly is the people’s place of Manchester; it will repay any enlargement and improvement for which room can be found’. Would that today’s planners might take heed. Image: Jonathan Schofield

There is a quality to this magnificent beast of a plan that seems admirable and attractive. It has a yearning optimism for a perfectable world, a post-WW2, post-Auschwitz, post-colonial, fairer world. It reflects an intellectual moment in Europe that still smells fresh, a desire to forget all the rubbish and madness that had gone before.

And therein lies its downfall.

The world isn’t perfect, it’s messy and full of compromise. More to the point there simply wasn’t the money around to achieve the Plan. This worked out well for modern Manchester. We would have lost so much. And when you look at the ideas carried forward based on the Plan, the monumental stupidities of grand schemes such as Hulme Crescents, we can only shudder. Despite the wonderful optimism of the 1945 Manchester Plan it was way too ambitious, way too uniform, way too...well, paternalistic, and thus exactly what those drafting the plan had wished to avoid.

Time after time Rowland Nicholas repeats a theme ‘it is for you, the citizens of Manchester, to make the choice.’ This rings false. The Plan was exhibited in Manchester Art Gallery and published in the book form mentioned above. Yet the evidence from the developments that did take place in subsequent decades makes it clear that working class populations were shunted about as the planners saw fit whether there had been a consultation or not. This was done for their own good, of course. It was a high-handed attitude.

170707 The Manchester Plan 1945 Mp7 — This would have been the major new transport interchange where Salford Central station presently stands. Further to the right and off this picture, down the expressway running over the River Irwell here, there was to be an Exhibition Hall as big as anything in Europe at the time on the site of Exchange Station. Image: Jonathan Schofield

170707 The Manchester Plan 1945 Mp8 — A Cultural Centre was designed for All Saints, thus closing off the view from Central Library in a dignified manner. Behind the Cultural Centre would have been a zone of Higher Education which is one of the few things in this plan which has been more or less achieved. In this area ‘artists, writers, dons, students, Continentals, journalists, actors, musicians, engineers and others’ would gather, creating an ‘environment’ where ‘civilised living would be restored’. Image: Jonathan Schofield

Despite all the beautiful illustrations and stirring prose of the 1945 ideas in the Manchester Pland, if carried through we would have been left with a Stalinist vision of a city, a huge extended version of Nova Huta close to Cracow.

The Plan is superb but only because it failed; the vision is thrilling, the idealism stirring, the reality, apart from one or two ideas, would have been horrific. Instead of the glorious mess of Manchester architecture we would have been left with a regimented, cold and brutal street scene. To want that would have been irrational.

Yet to have a ‘plan’ that is no plan in Manchester and Salford today scarcely seems better. True, the way developments come about fits with the historical pattern of Mancunian urban growth before and after the 'Plan'. In other words schemes appear to be treated in isolation and on very narrow terms rather than part of an overall picture - as stated above. Nobody would suggest the 1945 Plan would have delivered a desirable outcome but many parts of it would have made Manchester a more humane city, certainly the emphasis time and again on the provision of more green space, of any space.

It’s curious to imagine what Rowland Nicholas would think if he took a walk across the 2023 city from, say, Whitworth Park down Oxford Road, through St Peter’s Square, down to First Street, through Deansgate Square, round through Castlefield, out past Aviva Studios into Salford and up to Chapel Street, then back across the river through Spinningfields, St Ann’s Square, Exchange Square, the Cathedral Quarter, the Northern Quarter and Ancoats.

Would he still accuse us of ‘self-indulgent drift’ or would he find areas of Manchester he would consider ‘a city transformed’?

This story has been adapted from the section in Jonathan Schofield's book, Lost & Imagined Manchester. This can be bought here.

If you liked this you might like:

Strangeways to be regenerated

St Ann's Square in transition into jewellery-central

W Hotels for Gary Neville's St Michaels

Get the latest news to your inbox

Get the latest food & drink news and exclusive offers by email by signing up to our mailing list. This is one of the ways that Confidentials remains free to our readers and by signing up you help support our high quality, impartial and knowledgable writers. Thank you!